Health Benefits of Choline
May help memory problems associated with aging
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Buchman, A.L., Sohel, M., Brown, M., Jenden, D.J.,
Ahn, C., Roch, M., Brawley, T.L. 2001. Verbal
and visual memory improve after choline supplementation
in long-term total parenteral nutrition: a pilot study.
J. Parent. Ent. Nutr. 25(1):30-35.
Cohen, B.M., Renshaw, P.F., Stoll,
A.L., Wurtman, R.J., Yurgelun-Todd, D., Babb, S.M.
1995. Decreased
brain choline uptake in older adults: An in vivo proton
magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. JAMA
274(11):2902-907.
Wurtman, R.J. 1988. Effects
of Dietary Amino Acids, Carbohydrates, and Choline
on Neurotransmitter Synthesis. The Mount
Sinai Journal of Medicine. 55(1):75-86.
Zeisel, S.H. 1997. Choline:
essential for brain development and function (Chapter
8). In: Barness, L.A., Oski, F.A., Rudolph, A.M.,
Kaback, M.M., DeVivo, D.D. (Eds.). Advances in Pediatrics:
Volume 44. Year Book Medical Pub./Mosby; Chicago.
pp. 263-295.
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May help reduce levels
of plasma homocysteine
daCosta, K.A., Gaffney, C.E., Fischer, L.M., Zeisel, S.H.
2005. Choline
deficiency in mice and humans is associated with increased
plasma homocysteine concentration after a methionine load.
Am J. Clin Nutr. 81(2):440-444.
Verhoef, P., de Groot, L.C. 2005. Dietary
determinants of plasma homocysteine concentrations.
Seminars in Vascular Medicine 5(2):110-123.
McKully, K.S. 1998. Homocysteine and vascular
disease: The role of folate, choline, and lipoproteins in
homocysteine metabolism (Chapter 12). In: Zeisel, S.H.;
Szuhaj, B.F. (Eds.). Choline, Phospholipids, Health,
and Disease. AOCS Press; Champaign, Ill., pp. 117-130.
May promote healthy liver function
Buchman, A.L., Ament, M.E., Sohel, M., Dubin,
M., Jenden, D.J., Roch, M., Pownall, H., Farley, W., Awal,
M., Ahn, C. 2001. Choline
deficiency causes reversible hepatic abnormalities in patients
receiving parenteral nutrition: proof of a human choline
requirement: a placebo-controlled trial. J. Parent.
Ent. Nutr. 25(5):260-268.
Ghoshal, A.K., Farber, E. 1993. Choline
deficiency, lipotrope deficiency and the development of
liver disease including liver cancer: a new perspective.
Laboratory Investigation: A Journal of Technical
Methods and Pathology 68(3):255-260.
Tayek, J.A., Bistrian, B., Sheard, N.F.,
Zeisel, S.H., Blackburn, G.L. 1990. Abnormal
liver function in malnourished patients receiving total
parenteral nutrition: a prospective randomized study.
J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 9(1):76-83.
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Prenatal
use may lead to lifelong improvement of visuospatial
memory in children born of the pregnancy
Li, Q., Guo-Ross, S., Lewis, D.V.,
Turner, D., White, A.M., Wilson, W.A., Swartzwelder,
H.S. 2004. Dietary
prenatal choline supplementation alters postnatal
hippocampal structure and function. J Neurophysiol.
91:1545-1555.
Meck, W.H., Smith, R.A., Williams, C.L. 1989. Organizational
changes in cholinergic activity and enhanced visuospatial
memory as a function of choline administered prenatally
or postnatally or both. Behav. Neurosci 103:1234–41.
Meck, W.H., Williams, C.L. 2003. Metabolic
imprinting of choline by its availability during gestation:
implications for memory and attentional processing
across the lifespan. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.
27:385–99.
Zeisel, S.H. 2006. Fetal
origins of memory: The role of dietary choline in
optimal brain development. J. Pediatr.
149:S131-136. |
Supplementation during
infancy and childhood may lead to improved lifelong memory
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Meck,
W.H., Smith, R.A., Williams, C.L. 1988. Pre-
and postnatal choline supplementation produces long-term
facilitation of spatial memory. Dev. Psychobiol.
21: 339–53.
Meck, W.H., Smith, R.A., Williams, C.L. 1989. Organizational
changes in cholinergic activity and enhanced visuospatial
memory as a function of choline administered prenatally
or postnatally or both. Behav Neurosci 103:1234–41.
Zeisel, S.H. 1998. “Choline
and phosphatidylcholine are important components of
an infant’s diet.” In Huang, Y-S and Sinclair,
S.J. (Eds.). Lipids in Infant Nutrition.
Champaign, IL: AOCS Press. pp 192-212 |
May reduce fatigue
and increase vigor during strenuous exercise
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Buchman
A.L., Jenden, D., Roch M. 1999. Plasma
free, phospholipid-bound and urinary free choline
all decrease during a marathon run and may be associated
with impaired performance. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.
18(6):598-601.
Sandage, B.W., Sabounjian, L.A., Wuronene, R.I. 1996.
“Effects
of Choline on Athletic Performance and Fatigue.”
Abstract from National Institutes of Health Workshop
on The Role of Dietary Supplements for Physically
Active People. June 3-4, 1996, Bethesda, MD.
Zeisel, S.H. 1994. “Choline:
human requirements and effects on human performance.”
In: Marriott, B.M. (Ed.). Food Components to Enhance
Performance: An Evaluation of Potential Performance-Enhancing
Food Components for Operational Rations. Committee
on Military Nutrition Research, Food and Nutrition
Board (FNB), Institute of Medicine (IOM). National
Academy Press; Washington, DC, pp. 381-406. |
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